After living-in with Ramlal Munda for almost 30 years, Sahodari Munda finally got the status of his wife. Her son, Jeeteshwar Munda, who also has a five-month-old daughter, got married on the same day with his partner, Aruna Munda.
Sahodari Munda of Gumla district, says, “I am so relieved to be finally called the ‘wife’ and not a ‘Dhukni’. Now, my status in the society will increase, and my son will have official claims on the ancestral property of my husband.”
‘Dhukni’ or ‘Dhukua’ comes from the local word ‘Dhukna’, which means “to enter or get in”.
So, a ‘Dhukni woman’ is a term given to a woman who has ‘entered’ the house of a man and is living with him without marriage. This relationship, in the tribal community, is referred to as a ‘Dhuku marriage’.
Thousands of couples in the tribal villages of Jharkhand stay in live-in relationships as they cannot afford to organise grand weddings.
Pratima Kumari of Charkatangar village, Gumla, who got married at the mass wedding, says, “The villagers do not allow us to get married till we throw a feast for the entire village. Since many of us are daily wage earners and cannot afford to spend such kind of money, we never get married.”
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Nikita Sinha, Founder, NIMITTA, says, “These villagers earn about Rs 200-250 a day, which is not on a regular basis. In such a situation, they cannot afford to throw a party for the entire village. The villagers, however, do not allow their wedding to be solemnised until they are served food and drinks on the occasion. Thus, thousands of couples never get married.”
She adds, “We have come across many such cases where the entire village is living as ‘Dhukua’ because none of them could afford a decent wedding.”
“We get them married in a ceremony as well as get their marriages registered, so that in future, they do not face any problems,” Sinha says.
While the couples in live-in relationships are not harassed by the villagers, the women are never given the respect they deserve. Any children born out of this relationship too are not socially recognised.
“The term ‘Dhukni’ itself is derogatory. It makes one feel that the woman has forcibly gotten into the house of the man. These women are never given the rights of a wife; they cannot apply sindoor, nor do they get a part in the husband’s ancestral property, if he dies,” Sinha informs.
Sheela Munda, a young ‘Dhukni’ woman, says, “As I do not apply sindoor, I do not feel safe while stepping out of the village because men often harass me, assuming that I am not married.”
The Dhuku marriage takes a heavy toll on the children born from the union.
“Getting a child’s ears and nose pierced is a tradition in our society, but children born out of Dhuku marriages are not allowed to go through the process. As they result, they are never socially recognised in the community,” says Brsamuni Devi. She has a son and a daughter from her live-in relationship.
Aradhana Singh, a retired police officer who has worked extensively against human trafficking, shares, “Most of these children do not have any proof of identity. They are not mentioned in the ration card of their family nor do they have an Aadhaar card. In such a situation, repatriating them with the family becomes a challenge as their address or names of parents cannot be found.”
